prototype theory vs exemplar theory

Journal of Memory and Language, 42, 51–73.Feldman, J. (2003). New York: W.W. Norton.Rohrer, D. (2002). Current Biology, 23 (20) pp. As nouns the difference between prototype and exemplar is that prototype is an original object or form which is a basis for other objects, forms, or for its models and generalizations while exemplar is exemplar…

featural overlap), require greater perceptual processing, and thus more time, to categorise (Rosch and Mervis, 1975).An exemplar is a “specific remembered instance” or example of members belonging to, or being representative of, a specific category. Formal Approaches to Categorization, 18–39.Cave, K. (2009). Psychological Review 92, 289-316.Oden, G.C. All of the traits of the dog would be taken into consideration and compared, separately, to other animals the individual has encountered before. The Generalized Context Model: An Exemplar Model of Classification. Current Directions In Psychological Science (Wiley-Blackwell), 15(1), 9–13. (2013) Instance memorization and category influence: Challenging the evidence for multiple systems in category learning. the definition of tumor).
Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press.Lin, E.L., & Murphy, G.L. We use both the exemplar and prototype method in making category judgments, and they often work in tandem to produce the most accurate conclusion . For example, the representation for the BIRD category might be based on ROBIN. Exemplars however, show that the typicality of a given object is not necessarily fixed, but can be altered depending on the context of a … As a psychologist, I studied carefully the distinctions between exemplar and prototype theories of categorization. According to the prototype theory, a category's mental representation is based on a prototypical exemplar or prototype.

378–382Johansen, M.K., Fouquet, N., Savage, J., Shanks, D.R. The individual could come to this conclusion using the prototype theory if the dog were average looking, but what happens if the dog only has three legs and does not bark? Memory and Cognition in Psychonomic Society 8 (4) pp. The individual would eventually conclude that the animal is a dog as it has all of the traits previously associated with an example of a dog. 418–439.Mack, M.L., Preston, A.R., Love, B.C. (1984). Cognitive Psychology, 36, 203–272.Storms, G., De Boeck, P., & Ruts, W. (2000). The categorization process for identifying which type of animal a dog is can be used to provide an example for the usage of exemplar theory. Exemplars however, show that the typicality of a given object is not necessarily fixed, but can be altered depending on the context of a situation and a person’s beliefs.Barsalou, L. (1982). For example, one study at Arizona State University concluded that the exemplar theory is most accurate with minimal category experience and as experience is developed the prototype theory is more accurate.A study done at the University of Oregon found that prototypical averages are more likely to be forgotten than many specific examples.It has been suggested by researchers that increased For example, a radiologist must classify a suspicious spot on an X-ray either as a tumor or as natural tissue variation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 3–27. They also both rely on the … Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 66 (6) pp. Prototype and exemplar-based information in natural language categories. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Word rating tasks have also produced similar results (Malt and Smith, 1984).One explanation which may account for these findings is that conceptual categorisation occurs as a result of matching the features of a given stimulus to those of a prototype, whereby the more features that are held in common the more prototypical a stimulus appears to be (Smith and Medin, 1981).Eleanor Rosch has proposed that this categorisation process has a tendency to occur at a “basic level” with single words being used to represent a category (Harley, 2008).Some studies have shown that this may even be a natural tendency, as when learning to talk children tend to learn basic level terms before they learn subcategory terms that involve the use of multiple words to describe a category (Corter and Gluck, 1992).This seems to suggest that typicality effects may in fact occur more readily with prototypical stimuli as a result of such stimuli requiring less perceptual processing, whereas dissimilar stimuli, especially those with features that could belong to multiple categories (i.e. asserts that the categorization of event exemplars differs from the categorization of individual exemplars. 1204–1226Sternberg, R.J. (1999) The Nature of Cognition. The breadth of memory search. Rule-based theories suggest that the radiologist observe whether the specific properties of the X-ray meet the same criteria as tumors (i.e. Prototype is a related term of exemplar. The decision of whether or not the suspicious spot is a tumor is based on the criteria alone. If participants used exemplars to make disagreeing decisions, they also use exemplars to make reaffirming decisions about category membership.A study by Barsalou et al. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 227–232.Smith, J.D., & Minda, J.P. (2000). At the forefront of thought: The effect of media expose on airplane typicality. Retrieved from Homa, D., Sterling, S., Trepel, L. (1981) Limitation of exemplar-based generalization and the abstraction of categorical information. (1981). (2011).

(1975). 2023–2027Hintzman, D.L., Ludlam, G. (1980) Differential forgetting of prototypes and old instances: Simulation by an exemplar-based classification model.

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